第1 章量子計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)介········································································.1
1.1 從經(jīng)典計(jì)算到量子計(jì)算···························································.1
1.1.1 經(jīng)典計(jì)算與科學(xué)研究的融和············································.1
1.1.2 經(jīng)典計(jì)算的局限性························································.3
1.1.3 量子模擬概念的提出·····················································.6
1.1.4 量子計(jì)算概念的醞釀·····················································.8
1.1.5 量子計(jì)算的優(yōu)勢(shì)···························································10
1.2 量子計(jì)算發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史·································································14
1.2.1 20 世紀(jì)80 年代——量子計(jì)算的起源·································14
1.2.2 20 世紀(jì)90 年代——量子計(jì)算的突破與物理實(shí)現(xiàn)··················15
1.2.3 21 世紀(jì)原子型量子計(jì)算·················································17
1.2.4 21 世紀(jì)電子型量子計(jì)算·················································21
1.2.5 21 世紀(jì)光子型量子計(jì)算·················································26
1.2.6 21 世紀(jì)量子算法的進(jìn)展·················································28
1.2.7 量子計(jì)算的商業(yè)化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化············································33
第2 章量子計(jì)算的技術(shù)路線·······························································36
2.1 實(shí)現(xiàn)量子比特的典型物理體系··················································36
2.1.1 離子阱·······································································36
2.1.2 超導(dǎo)電路····································································43
2.1.3 硅半導(dǎo)體····································································50
2.1.4 光量子計(jì)算·································································53
2.1.5 其他體系····································································58
2.2 量子計(jì)算的硬件技術(shù)······························································61
2.2.1 機(jī)械··········································································61
2.2.2 光學(xué)··········································································73
2.2.3 電子··········································································78
2.2.4 原子測(cè)控····································································85
2.2.5 芯片··········································································97
第3 章實(shí)例：離子阱量子計(jì)算機(jī)的工程實(shí)現(xiàn)·······································.108
3.1 離子阱量子計(jì)算機(jī)的主要構(gòu)成···············································.108
3.1.1 離子阱系統(tǒng)······························································.109
3.1.2 工作環(huán)境系統(tǒng)···························································.110
3.1.3 光學(xué)系統(tǒng)·································································.110
3.1.4 測(cè)控系統(tǒng)·································································.112
3.2 離子阱系統(tǒng)······························································.113
3.2.1 離子阱模塊······························································.114
3.2.2 原子發(fā)生模塊···························································.116
3.2.3 諧振器模塊······························································.116
3.3 工作環(huán)境系統(tǒng)···························································.118
3.3.1 整體結(jié)構(gòu)·······························································.118
3.3.2 超高真空模塊···························································.120
3.3.3 低溫模塊·································································.122
3.3.4 減振模塊·································································.122
3.3.5 低溫真空實(shí)現(xiàn)步驟·····················································.123
3.4 光學(xué)系統(tǒng)·································································.126
3.4.1 穩(wěn)頻模塊·································································.129
3.4.2 消融模塊·································································.131
3.4.3 離化模塊·································································.132
3.4.4 冷卻模塊·································································.132
3.4.5 回泵模塊·································································.134
3.4.6 操控模塊·································································.134
3.4.7 進(jìn)阱模塊·································································.135
3.4.8 成像模塊·································································.135
3.5 測(cè)控系統(tǒng)·································································.136
3.5.1 測(cè)控板卡模塊···························································.138
3.5.2 阱周電氣模塊···························································.141
3.5.3 離子阱工作環(huán)境測(cè)控模塊············································.144
3.5.4 一體化測(cè)控界面模塊··················································.144
第4 章量子編程與算法··································································.147
4.1 量子編程基礎(chǔ)····································································.147
4.2 常見(jiàn)量子算法····································································.154
4.2.1 Deutsch 算法····························································.154
4.2.2 Deutsch-Jozsa 算法·····················································.159
4.2.3 Bernstein Vazirani 算法················································.165
4.2.4 Simon 算法······························································.171
4.2.5 量子傅里葉變換························································.178
4.2.6 Grover 算法······························································.183
4.2.7 Shor 算法································································.190
4.2.8 變分量子特征值求解算法············································.200
4.2.9 量子近似優(yōu)化算法·····················································.206
4.3 量子編程框架····································································.211
4.3.1 量子編程框架概述·····················································.211
4.3.2 Qiskit······································································.219
4.3.3 Cirq········································································.222
4.3.4 QuTrunk ··································································.226
4.3.5 QuSprout ·································································.231
第5 章實(shí)例：在 QuTrunk 上實(shí)現(xiàn)量子神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò) ·································.235
5.1 機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)··········································································.235
5.1.1 人工智能·································································.235
5.1.2 機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)·································································.238
5.1.3 深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)···························································.246
5.2 量子機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)····································································.248
5.3 QuTrunk+TensorFlow 實(shí)現(xiàn)量子+機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)·································.249
5.3.1 TensorFlow 簡(jiǎn)介························································.249
5.3.2 應(yīng)用示例·································································.250
5.4 QuTrunk+PyTorch 實(shí)現(xiàn)量子+機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)·····································.253
5.4.1 PyTorch 簡(jiǎn)介····························································.253
5.4.2 應(yīng)用示例·································································.255
5.5 QuTrunk+PaddlePaddle 實(shí)現(xiàn)量子+機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)·······························.261
5.5.1 PaddlePaddle 簡(jiǎn)介······················································.261
5.5.2 應(yīng)用示例·································································.262
5.6 QuTrunk+MindSpore 實(shí)現(xiàn)量子+機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)··································.269
5.6.1 MindSpore 簡(jiǎn)介·························································.269
5.6.2 應(yīng)用示例·································································.271
第6章量子計(jì)算相關(guān)應(yīng)用 ···········································································.276
6.1 量子模擬··········································································.276
6.1.1 量子模擬簡(jiǎn)介···························································.276
6.1.2 量子模擬應(yīng)用···························································.277
6.2 量子優(yōu)化··········································································.279
6.2.1 量子優(yōu)化簡(jiǎn)介···························································.279
6.2.2 量子優(yōu)化應(yīng)用···························································.280
6.3 量子機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)····································································.282
6.3.1 量子機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)簡(jiǎn)介·····················································.282
6.3.2 量子機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用·····················································.283
6.4 量子密碼··········································································.284
6.4.1 量子密碼簡(jiǎn)介···························································.284
6.4.1 量子密碼應(yīng)用···························································.285
6.5 實(shí)例：量子時(shí)序預(yù)測(cè)···························································.286
6.5.1 時(shí)序預(yù)測(cè)定義···························································.287
6.5.2 時(shí)序預(yù)測(cè)模型···························································.288
6.5.3 量子時(shí)序預(yù)測(cè)應(yīng)用·····················································.289
6.6 實(shí)例：QuTrunk 實(shí)現(xiàn)量子變分算法·········································.290
第7 章量子計(jì)算產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)·························································.296
7.1 量子計(jì)算產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀······························································.296
7.1.1 國(guó)際現(xiàn)狀·································································.296
7.1.2 國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀·································································.303
7.1.3 國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際的比較·····················································.305
7.2 量子計(jì)算產(chǎn)業(yè)的技術(shù)與應(yīng)用··················································.308
7.2.1 硬件·······································································.308
7.2.2 軟件與算法······························································.308
7.2.3 市場(chǎng)應(yīng)用·································································.312
7.3 量子計(jì)算產(chǎn)業(yè)前瞻·····················································.315
7.3.1 量子計(jì)算的學(xué)術(shù)研究方向············································.316
7.3.2 量子計(jì)算技術(shù)的未來(lái)發(fā)展············································.318
7.3.3 量子計(jì)算產(chǎn)業(yè)的全球與國(guó)內(nèi)政策環(huán)境·····························.323
7.3.4 關(guān)鍵應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的挑戰(zhàn)與機(jī)遇·········································.325
參考文獻(xiàn)·······················································································.332