目錄
前言
第0章 緒論 1
0.1 海洋環(huán)境磁學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程 1
0.2 海洋環(huán)境磁學(xué)的應(yīng)用 2
0.3 海洋環(huán)境磁學(xué)研究的趨勢與展望 7
上篇 理論部分
第1章 磁性物理學(xué)簡述 11
1.1 原子結(jié)構(gòu)與原子磁性 11
1.2 磁矩 15
1.3 磁疇與物質(zhì)磁性 16
1.4 磁場和磁場強(qiáng)度 18
1.5 磁通量 19
1.6 磁化強(qiáng)度與磁化率 20
1.7 磁性分類及特征 20
1.8 磁化曲線與磁滯 23
1.9 磁晶各向異性 24
1.10 磁學(xué)單位及其轉(zhuǎn)換 26
第2章 地磁場與古地磁 28
2.1 地磁場和地磁學(xué) 28
2.2 地球主磁場的特點(diǎn)和長期變化 32
2.3 古地磁 41
第3章 巖石和礦物的磁性獲得原理 46
3.1 尼爾理論與剩磁的保持 46
3.2 熱剩余磁性 47
3.3 化學(xué)剩余磁性 49
3.4 碎屑沉積剩余磁性 50
3.5 黏滯剩余磁性 51
3.6 等溫剩余磁性 52
3.7 各類巖石剩余磁性的成因 52
第4章 磁性礦物 55
4.1 鈦鐵氧化物 55
4.2 鐵的氫氧化物 69
4.3 鐵的硫化物 72
4.4 鐵的碳酸鹽 81
4.5 沉積后磁性礦物間的轉(zhuǎn)化 83
第5章 沉積物中磁性礦物的磁性特征 86
5.1 基本的磁性參數(shù) 86
5.2 磁性礦物含量判定 86
5.3 磁性礦物類型判定 92
5.4 磁性礦物粒徑判定 103
第6章 磁學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器與沉積物磁性參數(shù)測試 110
6.1 磁學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器設(shè)備及測試操作流程 110
6.2 磁學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)測量流程與樣品預(yù)處理 114
下篇 應(yīng)用部分
第7章 河口沉積環(huán)境中沉積物的磁性研究 119
7.1 長江與黃河河口沉積物磁性特征對(duì)比的初步研究 119
7.2 黃河三角洲不同氣候條件下沉積物中膠黃鐵礦的形成 122
7.3 基于磁性推斷長江口近100 年來人類活動(dòng)對(duì)沉積的影響 129
7.4 珠江河口懸浮顆粒的磁學(xué)特征及其對(duì)重金屬污染的指示 136
第8章 海灘沉積環(huán)境中沉積物的磁性研究 146
8.1 山東南部海灘沉積物重金屬污染評(píng)價(jià)及磁學(xué)診斷 146
8.2 示蹤海灘重金屬污染來源和季節(jié)擴(kuò)散的原位磁學(xué)新方法 162
第9章 陸架沉積環(huán)境中表層沉積物的磁性研究 175
9.1 磁學(xué)特征指示的黃渤海沉積物來源和分布模式 175
9.2 黃渤海泥質(zhì)區(qū)表層沉積物磁小體的形成與保存機(jī)制 189
9.3 黃渤海表層沉積物磁性球粒的分布特征及其環(huán)境效應(yīng) 202
第10章 陸架沉積環(huán)境中柱狀沉積物的磁性研究 215
10.1 磁性指示的4 萬年以來南黃海陸架區(qū)的沉積環(huán)境演化 215
10.2 南黃海7.5ka以來磁性球粒特征與環(huán)境事件 231
第11章 深海海盆沉積環(huán)境中沉積物的磁性研究 240
11.1 西太平洋帕里西維拉海盆沉積物來源和沉積環(huán)境演化 240
11.2 大西洋表層沉積物環(huán)境磁學(xué)分布規(guī)律及其源匯分析 250
第12章 海溝沉積環(huán)境中沉積物的磁性研究 262
12.1 挑戰(zhàn)者深淵沉積物強(qiáng)磁性和地球化學(xué)特征對(duì)物源的指示 262
12.2 海溝沉積物的環(huán)境磁學(xué)特征及其對(duì)物源的指示意義 276
參考文獻(xiàn) 281
附錄 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法與測試流程 292
Contents
Preface
Chapter 0 Introduction 1
0.1 Development History of Marine Environmental Magnetism 1
0.2 Applications of Marine Environmental Magnetism 2
0.3 Trends and Prospects in Marine Environmental Magnetism Research 7
Part Ⅰ Theoretical Foundations
Chapter 1 Overview of Magnetic Physics 11
1.1 Atomic Structure and Atomic Magnetism 11
1.2 Magnetic Moment 15
1.3 Magnetic Domains and Material Magnetism 16
1.4 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field Strength 18
1.5 Magnetic Flux 19
1.6 Magnetization and Magnetic Susceptibility 20
1.7 Magnetic Classification and Characteristics 20
1.8 Magnetization Curves and Magnetic Hysteresis 23
1.9 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy 24
1.10 Magnetic Units and Their Conversion 26
Chapter 2 The Geomagnetic Field and Paleomagnetism 28
2.1 The Geomagnetic Field and Geomagnetism 28
2.2 Characteristics and Secular Variation of the Main Geomagnetic Field 32
2.3 Paleomagnetism 41
Chapter 3 Remanent Magnetization in Rocks and Minerals 46
3.1 Néel Theory and Remanence Retention 46
3.2 Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM) 47
3.3 Chemical Remanent Magnetization (CRM) 49
3.4 Detrital Remanent Magnetization (DRM) 50
3.5 Viscous Remanent Magnetization (VRM) 51
3.6 Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) 52
3.7 Origins of Remanent Magnetization in Different Rock Types 52
Chapter 4 Magnetic Minerals 55
4.1 Titanium-Iron Oxides 55
4.2 Iron Hydroxides 69
4.3 Iron Sulfides 72
4.4 Iron Carbonates 81
4.5 Post-Depositional Transformation of Magnetic Minerals 83
Chapter 5 Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Minerals in Sediments 86
5.1 Basic Magnetic Parameters 86
5.2 Assessment of Magnetic Mineral Concentration 86
5.3 Identification of Magnetic Mineral Types 92
5.4 Determination of Magnetic Grain Size 103
Chapter 6 Magnetic Instruments and Measurements 110
6.1 Magnetic Instruments and Laboratory Procedures 110
6.2 Magnetic Measurement Procedures and Sample Pretreatment 114
Part Ⅱ Applications
Chapter 7 Magnetic Studies of Sediments in Estuarine Environments 119
7.1 Comparison of Magnetic Properties of Sediments from the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries 119
7.2 Formation of Greigite in the Yellow River Delta Under Different Climatic Conditions 122
7.3 Magnetic Inference of Anthropogenic Impacts on Sedimentation in the Yangtze Estuary Over the Past Century 129
7.4 Magnetic Properties of Suspended Particles in the Pearl River Estuary and Their Implications for Heavy Metal Pollution 136
Chapter 8 Magnetic Studies of Sediments in Beach Environments 146
8.1 Magnetic Diagnostics and Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment of Beach Sediments in Southern Shandong 146
8.2 A New in situ Magnetic Method to Indicate the Source and Seasonal Diffusion of Heavy Metal Contamination 162
Chapter 9 Magnetic Studies of Surface Sediments in Shelf Environments 175
9.1 Magnetic Evidence for Sediment Provenance and Distribution Patterns in the Yellow and Bohai Seas 175
9.2 Formation and Preservation Mechanisms of Magnetofossils in Surface Sediments of the Yellow and Bohai Sea Mud Areas 189
9.3 Distribution and Environmental Implications of Magnetic Spherules in Surface Sediments of the Yellow and Bohai Seas 202
Chapter 10 Magnetic Studies of Core Sediments in Shelf Environments 215
10.1 Magnetic Evidence of Sedimentary Environment Evolution on the Southern Yellow Sea Shelf Over the Past 40 ka 215
10.2 Magnetic Spherules and Environmental Events in the Southern Yellow Sea Since 7.5 ka 231
Chapter 11 Magnetic Studies of Sediments in Deep-Sea Basin Environments 240
11.1 Sediment Provenance and Paleoenvironmental Evolution in the Parece Vela Basin of the Western Pacific 240
11.2 Environmental Magnetic Patterns and Source-to-Sink Processes in Atlantic Surface Sediments 250
Chapter 12 Magnetic Studies of Sediments in Trench Environments 262
12.1 Strong magnetism and geochemical characteristics of sediment in Challenger Deep and their indications for sources 262
12.2 Environmental Magnetic Characteristics of Trench Sediments and Their Implications for Sediment Provenance 276
References 281
Appendix: Analytical Methods and Experimental Procedures 292