2007~2008年全球金融危機(jī)暴露了歐盟對(duì)金融體系的宏觀審慎監(jiān)管和微觀審慎監(jiān)管存在著諸多問(wèn)題。在宏觀審慎監(jiān)管方面,在歐盟層面上沒(méi)有一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)宏觀審慎風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括源于宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)失衡產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)姆治觯⒂^和宏觀審慎分析相互割裂,對(duì)金融機(jī)構(gòu)之間的依賴性和關(guān)聯(lián)性認(rèn)識(shí)不足,在金融危機(jī)蓄積和發(fā)生過(guò)程中監(jiān)管當(dāng)局缺乏恰當(dāng)?shù)募m正行動(dòng)和監(jiān)管合作。1在微觀審慎監(jiān)管方面,在現(xiàn)有的監(jiān)管模式下東道國(guó)和母國(guó)利益不平衡導(dǎo)致了在金融監(jiān)管尤其是跨境危機(jī)管理上各國(guó)有不同的積極性和主動(dòng)性,成員國(guó)不同的監(jiān)管規(guī)則和監(jiān)管實(shí)踐在一定程度上促使了金融機(jī)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生競(jìng)爭(zhēng)扭曲和監(jiān)管套利的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),成員國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間監(jiān)管合作和信息交流不夠充分以及分割又不一致的金融監(jiān)管給跨境金融機(jī)構(gòu)帶來(lái)了過(guò)多的成本和管理負(fù)擔(dān)。2為此,2009年9月歐盟委員會(huì)提出了歐盟金融監(jiān)管體制改革的一系列立法建議,主要內(nèi)容是設(shè)立兩個(gè)新的機(jī)構(gòu):一是歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)(European Systemic Risk Board);二是歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)體系(European System of Financial Supervisors),分別負(fù)責(zé)宏觀審慎監(jiān)管和微觀審慎監(jiān)管。歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)管和評(píng)估來(lái)自宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和金融系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部發(fā)展對(duì)金融穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生的潛在威脅。歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)體系由成員國(guó)金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和新設(shè)的歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)組成,歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)由歐洲銀行業(yè)管理局(European Banking Authority)、歐洲保險(xiǎn)與職業(yè)養(yǎng)老金管理局(European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority)和歐洲證券與市場(chǎng)管理局(European Securities and Markets Authority)組成,它們分別從原先的歐洲銀行業(yè)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)委員會(huì)、歐洲保險(xiǎn)與職業(yè)養(yǎng)老金監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)委員會(huì)和歐洲證券監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)委員會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)。
2010年11月,歐洲議會(huì)和歐盟理事會(huì)通過(guò)相關(guān)法律,對(duì)歐盟委員會(huì)的建議作出了正式的立法確認(rèn)。這些法令包括:2010年11月24日通過(guò)的《歐洲議會(huì)與歐盟理事會(huì)關(guān)于歐盟對(duì)金融系統(tǒng)的宏觀審慎監(jiān)控以及設(shè)立歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)的第1092/2010號(hào)(歐盟)條例》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱第1092號(hào)條例)、2010年11月17日通過(guò)的《歐盟理事會(huì)關(guān)于賦予歐洲中央銀行有關(guān)歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)運(yùn)行方面的特定職責(zé)的第1096/2010號(hào)(歐盟)條例》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱第1096號(hào)條例)、2010年11月24日通過(guò)的《歐洲議會(huì)與歐盟理事會(huì)設(shè)立歐洲監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)歐洲銀行業(yè)管理局并修正第716/2009/EC號(hào)決定和廢止歐盟委員會(huì)第2009/78/EC號(hào)決定的第1093/2010號(hào)(歐盟)條例》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱第1093號(hào)條例)、2010年11月24日通過(guò)的《歐洲議會(huì)與歐盟理事會(huì)設(shè)立歐洲監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)歐洲保險(xiǎn)與職業(yè)養(yǎng)老金管理局并修正第716/2009/EC號(hào)決定和廢止歐盟委員會(huì)第2009/79/EC號(hào)決定的第1094/2010號(hào)(歐盟)條例》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱第1094號(hào)條例)、2010年11月24日通過(guò)的《歐洲議會(huì)與歐盟理事會(huì)設(shè)立歐洲監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)歐洲證券與市場(chǎng)管理局并修正第716/2009/EC號(hào)決定和廢止歐盟委員會(huì)第2009/77/EC號(hào)決定的第1095/2010號(hào)(歐盟)條例》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱第1095號(hào)條例)、2010年11月24日通過(guò)的《歐洲議會(huì)與歐盟理事會(huì)修正關(guān)于歐洲銀行業(yè)管理局、歐洲保險(xiǎn)與職業(yè)養(yǎng)老金管理局、歐洲證券與市場(chǎng)管理局等歐洲監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)權(quán)力的第98/26/EC號(hào)指令、第2002/87/EC號(hào)指令、第2003/6/EC號(hào)指令、第2003/41/EC號(hào)指令、第2003/71/EC號(hào)指令、第2004/39/EC號(hào)指令、第 2004/109/EC號(hào)指令、第2005/60/EC號(hào)指令、第2006/48/EC號(hào)指令、第2006/49/EC號(hào)指令和第2009/65/EC號(hào)指令的第2010/78/EU號(hào)指令》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱第2010/78/EU號(hào)指令)。
第1092號(hào)條例正式設(shè)立了獨(dú)立的歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì),負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)整個(gè)歐盟金融系統(tǒng)的宏觀審慎監(jiān)控。歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)的主要職責(zé)包括收集和分析信息、識(shí)別系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、對(duì)重大系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)布預(yù)警并提出相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)建議、監(jiān)控對(duì)預(yù)警和建議所作出的跟進(jìn)行動(dòng)、在宏觀審慎監(jiān)管方面與歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)特別是國(guó)際貨幣基金組織、金融穩(wěn)定委員會(huì)以及第三國(guó)相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)予以協(xié)調(diào)等。從這些法定職責(zé)看,立法并沒(méi)有授予歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)可對(duì)成員國(guó)采取具有約束力措施的權(quán)力。這一方面是考慮到,歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)的法定職責(zé)已足夠廣泛和敏感,再授予其可采取強(qiáng)制性措施的權(quán)力可能會(huì)過(guò)多干預(yù)成員國(guó)的政策制定;另一方面是考慮到,歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)是一個(gè)有聲譽(yù)的機(jī)構(gòu),可通過(guò)高層次的構(gòu)成成員的道義權(quán)威影響政策制定者和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的行為。但是,盡管歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)對(duì)所識(shí)別的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提出的行動(dòng)建議不具有法定的強(qiáng)制性,收到建議的一方不采取該建議的,必須提供充分的理由,歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)同時(shí)會(huì)將該情況通知各相關(guān)的歐洲監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和歐盟理事會(huì)。
鑒于歐洲中央銀行在宏觀審慎問(wèn)題上的專業(yè)知識(shí),第1096號(hào)條例賦予歐洲中央銀行有關(guān)歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)運(yùn)行方面的特定職責(zé),期望歐洲中央銀行能為歐盟金融系統(tǒng)的有效宏觀審慎監(jiān)控作出重大貢獻(xiàn)。為此,立法要求歐洲中央銀行承擔(dān)歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)秘書處的工作,保障后者的運(yùn)行有足夠的人力和財(cái)力資源,向后者提供分析、統(tǒng)計(jì)、行政和后勤的支持。
依據(jù)第1093號(hào)條例、第1094號(hào)條例和第1095號(hào)條例,歐盟分別設(shè)立了歐洲監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)歐洲銀行業(yè)管理局、歐洲監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)歐洲保險(xiǎn)與職業(yè)養(yǎng)老金管理局和歐洲監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)歐洲證券與市場(chǎng)管理局(以下統(tǒng)稱歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu))。除了對(duì)各監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)所涉的具體領(lǐng)域作出了特別規(guī)定外,這三個(gè)條例在結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上基本相同。新設(shè)的三個(gè)歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)是具有法人地位的歐盟機(jī)構(gòu),在各個(gè)成員國(guó)內(nèi)享有該成員國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)法律授予法人的民事能力。
在三個(gè)條例出臺(tái)之前,原有的歐洲銀行業(yè)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)委員會(huì)、歐洲保險(xiǎn)與職業(yè)養(yǎng)老金監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)委員會(huì)和歐洲證券監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)委員會(huì)并無(wú)實(shí)質(zhì)性的監(jiān)管權(quán)力,只有咨詢功能,發(fā)布不具有約束力的指引和建議。成員國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)跨境機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)管雖然可在監(jiān)管團(tuán)內(nèi)進(jìn)行合作,但一旦出現(xiàn)分歧,歐盟層面沒(méi)有任何機(jī)制予以協(xié)調(diào)和解決。許多技術(shù)性規(guī)則由成員國(guó)自行制定,各國(guó)規(guī)則差別甚大;即使通過(guò)歐盟立法予以協(xié)調(diào),但各成員國(guó)在具體適用時(shí)常常做法不一。為了消除歐盟金融監(jiān)管分割又不一致的現(xiàn)狀,上述三個(gè)條例賦予了新設(shè)的歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)下列職責(zé):起草適用于全歐盟的監(jiān)管性技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實(shí)施性技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)草案,促進(jìn)歐盟法律的統(tǒng)一和有效的實(shí)施并解決不同成員國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間的分歧,推動(dòng)各成員國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間的職責(zé)委托,與歐洲系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)緊密合作,組織和開(kāi)展同行審評(píng),對(duì)市場(chǎng)變化進(jìn)行監(jiān)控、分析,促進(jìn)對(duì)存款人、投資者、保單持有人等的保護(hù),促進(jìn)監(jiān)管團(tuán)能統(tǒng)一、有效地行使職能,監(jiān)控、評(píng)估和計(jì)量系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),制定和協(xié)調(diào)實(shí)施金融機(jī)構(gòu)的恢復(fù)和清盤計(jì)劃。另外,歐洲證券與市場(chǎng)管理局享有直接監(jiān)管信用評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)的權(quán)力。
上述三個(gè)條例并沒(méi)有改變歐洲金融監(jiān)管體制的現(xiàn)行格局,即成員國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)仍然承擔(dān)著對(duì)金融業(yè)的日常監(jiān)管工作,新的歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)成員國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和金融機(jī)構(gòu)并沒(méi)有直接的監(jiān)管權(quán)。但是,法律規(guī)定了例外情形。在出現(xiàn)法定的緊急情況時(shí),歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)所涉成員國(guó)的監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)可作出個(gè)別決定,要求后者采取必要的行動(dòng);如后者未能在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)采取行動(dòng),歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)可對(duì)金融機(jī)構(gòu)作出個(gè)別決定,要求其采取必要的行動(dòng)包括停辦業(yè)務(wù)。對(duì)于成員國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)未能實(shí)施或者疑似以違法方式實(shí)施歐盟相關(guān)立法或者監(jiān)管性技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實(shí)施性技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的,歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)可自行或者經(jīng)相關(guān)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)、歐洲議會(huì)、歐盟理事會(huì)、歐盟委員會(huì)或銀行業(yè)利益相關(guān)者小組的請(qǐng)求對(duì)涉嫌違反或不適用歐盟法律的情況進(jìn)行調(diào)查,并在啟動(dòng)調(diào)查后向所涉監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)提出建議,提出后者需采取的行動(dòng)。所涉監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)如在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)仍未遵守歐盟法律的,歐盟委員會(huì)可發(fā)出正式意見(jiàn),要求所涉監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)采取必要的行動(dòng)。如所涉監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)未在歐盟委員會(huì)正式意見(jiàn)所規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)遵守該正式意見(jiàn),歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)在符合法定條件下可直接針對(duì)金融機(jī)構(gòu)作出個(gè)別決定,要求其采取必要的行動(dòng)以履行其在歐盟法律中的義務(wù)。對(duì)于不同成員國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之間就跨境監(jiān)管事宜發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議的,歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任予以協(xié)調(diào)。歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)按照法定程序就爭(zhēng)議作出的決定,對(duì)所涉成員國(guó)的監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)具有法定的約束效力。某成員國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)未能遵守歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)決定的,后者可以直接對(duì)金融機(jī)構(gòu)作出個(gè)別決定,要求其采取必要的行動(dòng)包括停辦業(yè)務(wù)。
由于新設(shè)了上述三個(gè)歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)以及對(duì)這些機(jī)構(gòu)的職責(zé)作出了新的立法安排,有必要修改相關(guān)的歐盟法律。第2010/78/EU號(hào)指令就是對(duì)原有的歐盟指令涉及這三個(gè)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)有關(guān)的事項(xiàng)作出修改。因而,它并沒(méi)有規(guī)定新的內(nèi)容,只是依據(jù)第1093號(hào)條例、第1094號(hào)條例和第1095號(hào)條例就三個(gè)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的職責(zé)范圍、權(quán)力等對(duì)相關(guān)歐盟指令作出了增補(bǔ)、刪節(jié)、修正。
盡管上述歐盟立法仍然秉承著歐盟立法的輔助性原則,并沒(méi)有創(chuàng)設(shè)具有實(shí)質(zhì)監(jiān)管權(quán)力的歐盟統(tǒng)一金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu),但已經(jīng)顯示出歐盟努力走向金融監(jiān)管統(tǒng)一化的端倪。這是因?yàn)闅W盟立法者認(rèn)為當(dāng)今金融市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)變成全歐洲性和全球性的,而不僅僅局限于成員國(guó)一國(guó)內(nèi)部,因而對(duì)它們的監(jiān)管也必須是全歐洲性和全球性的。這種立法的基本理念將會(huì)深刻影響歐盟金融立法和金融監(jiān)管的未來(lái)走向。從第1093號(hào)條例、第1094號(hào)條例和第1095號(hào)條例看,三個(gè)歐洲金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)雖然未被授予對(duì)成員國(guó)或者金融機(jī)構(gòu)直接的監(jiān)管權(quán),但在個(gè)別特殊情形下(如發(fā)生緊急情況或者成員國(guó)以違法的方式實(shí)施歐盟立法或者監(jiān)管性和實(shí)施性技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)),它們有權(quán)對(duì)成員國(guó)和金融機(jī)構(gòu)作出決定。對(duì)于屬于全歐盟性質(zhì)的機(jī)構(gòu),立法認(rèn)為成員國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)不可能對(duì)其所有活動(dòng)有全面的了解,應(yīng)由歐盟統(tǒng)一監(jiān)管。目前這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)雖然只限于信用評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu),但上述條例為歐盟對(duì)類似性質(zhì)機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)施統(tǒng)一監(jiān)管預(yù)留了進(jìn)一步立法的空間。
上海財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
周仲飛
DIRECTIVE 2010/78/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
Article 1 Amendments to Directive 98/26/EC
Article 2 Amendments to Directive 2002/87/EC
Article 3 Amendments to Directive 2003/6/EC
Article 4 Amendments to Directive 2003/41/EC
Article 5 Amendments to Directive 2003/71/EC
Article 6 Amendments to Directive 2004/39/EC
Article 7 Amendments to Directive 2004/109/EC
Article 8 Amendments to Directive 2005/60/EC
Article 9 Amendments to Directive 2006/48/EC
Article 10 Amendments to Directive 2006/49/EC
Article 11 Amendments to Directive 2009/65/EC
Article 12 Review
Article 13 Transposition
Article 14 Entry into force
Article 15 Addressees
REGULATION (EU) NO 1092/2010 OF THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1 Establishment
Article 2 Definitions
Article 3 Mission, objectives and tasks
CHAPTER II ORGANISATION
Article 4 Structure
Article 5 Chair and Vice-Chairs of the ESRB
Article 6 General Board
Article 7 Impartiality
Article 8 Professional secrecy
Article 9 Meetings of the General Board
Article 10 Voting modalities of the General Board
Article 11 Steering Committee
Article 12 Advisory Scientific Committee
Article 13 Advisory Technical Committee
Article 14 Other sources of advice
CHAPTER III TASKS
Article 15 Collection and exchange of information
Article 16 Warnings and recommendations
Article 17 Follow-up of the ESRB recommendations
Article 18 Public warnings and recommendations
CHAPTER IV FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 19 Accountability and reporting obligations
Article 20 Review
Article 21 Entry into force
REGULATION (EU) NO 1093/2010 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
CHAPTER I ESTABLISHMENT AND LEGAL STATUS
Article 1 Establishment and scope of action
Article 2 European System of Financial Supervision
Article 3 Accountability of the Authorities
Article 4 Definitions
Article 5 Legal status
Article 6 Composition
Article 7 Seat
CHAPTER II TASKS AND POWERS OF THE AUTHORITY
Article 8 Tasks and powers of the Authority
Article 9 Tasks related to consumer protection and financial activities
Article 10 Regulatory technical standards
Article 11 Exercise of the delegation
Article 12 Revocation of the delegation
Article 13 Objections to regulatory technical standards
Article 14 Non-endorsement or amendment of draft regulatory technical standards
Article 15 Implementing technical standards
Article 16 Guidelines and recommendations
Article 17 Breach of Union law
Article 18 Action in emergency situations
Article 19 Settlement of disagreements between competent authorities in cross-
border situations
Article 20 Settlement of disagreements between competent authorities across sectors
Article 21 Colleges of supervisors
Article 22 General provisions
Article 23 Identification and measurement of systemic risk
Article 24 Permanent capacity to respond to systemic risks
Article 25 Recovery and resolution procedures
Article 26 European system of deposit guarantee schemes
Article 27 European system of bank resolution and funding arrangements
Article 28 Delegation of tasks and responsibilities
Article 29 Common supervisory culture
Article 30 Peer reviews of competent authorities
Article 31 Coordination function
Article 32 Assessment of market developments
Article 33 International relations
Article 34 Other tasks
Article 35 Collection of information
Article 36 Relationship with the ESRB
Article 37 Banking Stakeholder Group
Article 38 Safeguards
Article 39 Decision-making procedures
CHAPTER III ORGANISATION
SECTION 1 Board of Supervisors
Article 40 Composition
Article 41 Internal committees and panels
Article 42 Independence
Article 43 Tasks
Article 44 Decision-making
SECTION 2 Management Board
Article 45 Composition
Article 46 Independence
Article 47 Tasks
SECTION 3 Chairperson
Article 48 Appointment and tasks
Article 49 Independence
Article 50 Report
SECTION 4 Executive Director
Article 51 Appointment
Article 52 Independence
Article 53 Tasks
CHAPTER IV JOINT BODIES OF THE EUROPEAN SUPERVISORY
AUTHORITIES
SECTION 1 Joint Committee of European Supervisory Authorities
Article 54 Establishment
Article 55 Composition
Article 56 Joint positions and common acts
Article 57 Sub-Committees
SECTION 2 Board of Appeal
Article 58 Composition and operation
Article 59 Independence and impartiality
CHAPTER V REMEDIES
Article 60 Appeals
Article 61 Actions before the Court of Justice of the European Union
CHAPTER VI FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
Article 62 Budget of the Authority
Article 63 Establishment of the budget
Article 64 Implementation and control of the budget
Article 65 Financial rules
Article 66 Anti-fraud measures
CHAPTER VII GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 67 Privileges and immunities
Article 68 Staff
Article 69 Liability of the Authority
Article 70 Obligation of professional secrecy
Article 71 Data protection
Article 72 Access to documents
Article 73 Language arrangements
Article 74 Headquarters Agreement
Article 75 Participation of third countries
CHAPTER VIII TRANSITIONAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 76 Preparatory actions
Article 77 Transitional staff provisions
Article 78 National provisions
Article 79 Amendments
Article 80 Repeal
Article 81 Review
Article 82 Entry into force
REGULATION (EU) NO 1094/2010 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
CHAPTER I ESTABLISHMENT AND LEGAL STATUS
Article 1 Establishment and scope of action
Article 2 European System of Financial Supervision
Article 3 Accountability of the Authorities
Article 4 Definitions
Article 5 Legal status
Article 6 Composition
Article 7 Seat
CHAPTER II TASKS AND POWERS OF THE AUTHORITY
Article 8 Tasks and powers of the Authority
Article 9 Tasks related to consumer protection and financial activities
Article 10 Regulatory technical standards
Article 11 Exercise of the delegation
Article 12 Revocation of the delegation
Article 13 Objections to regulatory technical standards
Article 14 Non-endorsement or amendment of draft regulatory technical standards
Article 15 Implementing technical standards
Article 16 Guidelines and recommendations
Article 17 Breach of Union law
Article 18 Action in emergency situations
Article 19 Settlement of disagreements between competent authorities in cross-border situations
Article 2 Settlement of disagreements between competent authorities across sectors
Article 21 Colleges of supervisors
Article 22 General provisions
Article 23 Identification and measurement of systemic risk
Article 24 Permanent capacity to respond to systemic risks
Article 25 Recovery and resolution procedures
Article 26 Development of a European network of national insurance guarantee schemes
Article 27 Crisis prevention, management and resolution
Article 28 Delegation of tasks and responsibilities
Article 29 Common supervisory culture
Article 30 Peer reviews of competent authorities
Article 31 Coordination function
Article 32 Assessment of market developments
Article 33 International relations
Article 34 Other tasks
Article 35 Collection of information
Article 36 Relationship with the ESRB
Article 37 Insurance and Reinsurance Stakeholder Group and Occupational Pensions Stakeholder Group
Article 38 Safeguards
Article 39 Decision-making procedures
CHAPTER III ORGANISATION SECTION 1 Board of Supervisors
Article 40 Composition
Article 41 Internal committees and panels
Article 42 Independence
Article 43 Tasks
Article 44 Decision making
SECTION 2 Management Board
Article 45 Composition
Article 46 Independence
Article 47 Tasks
SECTION 3 Chairperson
Article 48 Appointment and tasks
Article 49 Independence
Article 50 Report
SECTION 4 Executive Director
Article 51 Appointment
Article 52 Independence
Article 53 Tasks
CHAPTER IV JOINT BODIES OF THE EUROPEAN SUPERVISORY AUTHORITIES
SECTION 1 Joint Committee of European Supervisory Authorities
Article 54 Establishment
Article 55 Composition
Article 56 Joint positions and common acts
Article 57 Sub-Committees
SECTION 2 Board of Appeal
Article 58 Composition and operation
Article 59 Independence and impartiality
CHAPTER V REMEDIES
Article 60 Appeals
Article 61 Actions before the Court of Justice of the European Union CHAPTER VI FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
Article 62 Budget of the Authority
Article 63 Establishment of the budget
Article 64 Implementation and control of the budget
Article 65 Financial rules
Article 66 Anti-fraud measures
CHAPTER VII GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 67 Privileges and immunities
Article 68 Staff
Article 69 Liability of the Authority
Article 70 Obligation of professional secrecy
Article 71 Data protection
Article 72 Access to documents
Article 73 Language arrangements
Article 74 Headquarters Agreement
Article 75 Participation of third countries
CHAPTER VIII TRANSITIONAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 76 Preparatory actions
Article 77 Transitional staff provisions
Article 78 National provisions
Article 79 Amendments
Article 80 Repeal
Article 81 Review
Article 82 Entry into force